2/15/2024 0 Comments Harmony test wrong gender 2016Today, misinformation campaigns can leverage digital infrastructure that is unparalleled in its reach. Misinformation helped bring Roman emperors to power 8, who used messages on coins as a form of mass communication 9, and Nazi propaganda heavily relied on the printed press, radio and cinema 10. The psychology and history of misinformation cannot be fully grasped without taking into account contemporary technology. Misinformation has been identified as a contributor to various contentious events, ranging from elections and referenda 5 to political or religious persecution 6 and to the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic 7. However, this fact is insufficient to explain the rise of misinformation, and its subsequent influence on memory and decision-making, as a major challenge in the twenty-first century 2, 3, 4. Misinformation - which we define as any information that turns out to be false - poses an inevitable challenge for human cognition and social interaction because it is a consequence of the fact that people frequently err and sometimes lie 1. We discuss the effectiveness of both pre-emptive (‘prebunking’) and reactive (‘debunking’) interventions to reduce the effects of misinformation, as well as implications for information consumers and practitioners in various areas including journalism, public health, policymaking and education. In this Review, we describe the cognitive, social and affective factors that lead people to form or endorse misinformed views, and the psychological barriers to knowledge revision after misinformation has been corrected, including theories of continued influence. Not only can belief in misinformation lead to poor judgements and decision-making, it also exerts a lingering influence on people’s reasoning after it has been corrected - an effect known as the continued influence effect. Misinformation has been identified as a major contributor to various contentious contemporary events ranging from elections and referenda to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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